Consonant phonemes (left) and vowel phonemes (right) connected by Bézier curves to every grapheme that can spell them (centre, alphabetical). Red curves indicate graphemes shared across two or more phonemes — the sources of English orthographic irregularity. Grey curves are unambiguous. Dashed curves indicate rare or exceptional spellings.
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44 phonemes of General American English. Graphemes from 44 Phonemes in English (dyslexia-reading-well.com) and Cox Campus / Bruce Murray (Auburn University). /ɒ/ is primarily a British (RP) vowel; in GA it merges with /ɑ/ or /ɔ/ by speaker and word. 138 unique graphemes; 53 are ambiguous (shared across phonemes).